The relationship between Frequency and phase- shift in Butterworth filters Essay Example for Free

The human relationship between Frequency and phase- shift in Butterworth filters EssayThe phase characteristic of Butterworth filters varies with the particular relative frequence in the passband and also with the ratio of cut-off relative frequence to sampling frequency. The cut off frequency occurs at the point where the phase shift is half its maximum value. The frequency of the Butterworth filters is often flat (they induct no ripples). Therefore the Butterworth has a linear phase characteristic. The function of their magnitude has monotonic changes contrary to other filters which slang non-monotonic ripples (Daryanani, 1976).The Butterworth filters have rolls off slowly and thus a particular specification of stopband needs higher order to be implemented. This is because the gain is high at higher frequency and lower at low frequency. Similarly the group delay increases with decrease in frequency. All filter options of the same order has the same phase shift. 2. How t his relationship affect the waveform of a complex signal with multiple frequency components sent through it. The waveform of any complex signal that passes through a Butterworth filter shows no ripple although it rolls off at a slower rate around the cut off frequency.Lack of ripples in the Butterworth filter enables it to have a linear phase characteristic. Any signal passing through Butterworth filters experiences slight distortion but not as extensive as it occurs in Chebyshev filters and Elliptic filters. The phase of the signal is inverted in the case of multiple frequency components. The damping ratio of Butterworth filters is approximately 1. 1414 which produces a flat response (Thomas, 1971). Questions 1. The purpose of the LPF in the demodulator . and its bandwidthLow pass filter in the demodulator is meant to suppress the sub immune carrier frequencies which are contained in the FM stereo of the demodulation signal. In other words, it filters out carrier frequencies Thus the resulting magnetic distortion doesnt affect the output signal. The bandwidth of the low pass filter is determined by the amount of signal sampled that need to be filtered at a given speed (the sampling frequency). The LPF also helps in preventing deterioration in the sound quality (Graeme, 1971). 2. How to calculate the routine clock of the demodulator from the carrier frequency?The bit rate of the clock is a sub multiple of carrier frequency. This means that the bit clock frequency depends on the number of channels multiplied by the number of bits per channel ((Thomas, 1971). For instance if the CD audio has a carrier frequency of 44. 1Hz, with 32 bits per(2) stereo channel, then the bit clock frequency will be given by carrier frequency divide by the channels cartridge clips the number of bits 44. 1/ (32/2) = 2. 8224 megahertz Eye Diagram 1. Snapshot method allows multiplexing up to ten single nucleotide polymorphisms. It is primer extension based multiplex system.It compar es every single incoming bit to the threshold voltage and judges whether it is a zero or one. Therefore, snapshot method can put exact decision on time and voltage of every signal. However, the substance diagram is used for high speed serial interfaces. Snapshot method is also used to measures the intuitive performance of the connect (at import time) whereas the eye diagram takes substantial time to give the link performance. It makes the correct decision on whether the incoming signal is one or zero. The eye diagram requires massive knowledge in algorithms to analyze and it takes quiet along time for acquisition.Snapshot method, on the other hand gives the performance at instant time and it is easy to analyze (Graeme, 1971). 2. The effects of differing forms of interference on the signal Interferences render the wireless systems completely unusable. The three major forms of interferences include the intermodulation, radio frequency interference, and electrical interference. The intermodulation interference occurs due to the merging of strong radio signals in a wireless network while electrical interference is caused by digital equipments and lighting system.The radio frequency interference is caused by communication equipment. It is essential to know which type of interference has occurred so as to avoid unnecessary and dry solutions (Daryanani, 1976). References Daryanani, G. (. 1976). Principles of Active Network Synthesis and Design. J. Wiley Sons. Thomas, L. C. (1971). A Multipurpose Active Filtering System. Newnes Elsevier Graeme, J. et al. (1971). Operational Amplifiers Design and Applications. New York McGraw-Hill. 1971.

Physics Lab Safety Booklet Example Essay Example for Free

Physics Lab Safety Booklet Example Essay wherefore Is LaboratorySafety Important?Lab Safety is important because a safe work space, is a productive work space. When everyone follows all rules and regulations the assignment give get done and no one will be hurt. Some of the chemicals and substances can be harmful if used incorrectly, so there all indisputable ways we protect ourselves.Lab Safety SymbolsThis is the fire symbol, it means something is flammable. So keep it away from flames or it will catch on fire. This symbol is for poisonous or poisonous chemicals. Safety procedures atomic number 18 to protect you and others also in the lab.Safety Symbols continuedThe symbol below means that a chemical or substance is corrosive, which means that is can cause visible disintegration of human tissue or any other substances or materials it may come in contact with.These two symbols mean that a substance or a chemical have dangerous fumes. Those fumes will harm you if inhaled.These three symbols argon the different types of radioactive symbols you might see. Radioactive waste can harm both humans and the environment, so handle with care.Lab Safety EquipmentThese are goggles, they are use to protect the eyes.Gloves (below) are used to protect the hands.Safety Equipment cont.This is a lab apron. It is used to protect the clothing from spills, chemicals or substances that might go done the clothes and damage skin. Measuring InstrumentsThis is a triple beam balance. It measures mass in grams.This is a graduated cylinder, it measures volume in milliliters.This is a ruler, it measures length in both centimeters and inches. Safety RulesThis is a fire blanket, it is used when a persons hair or article of clothing catches fire.This is a safety shower with an eye wash out station built in. If you ever get anything in your eyes, go swiftly over to the eye wash station , turn in on and have open your eyelids and let keep using it for 15 to 20 minutes.

How Authors Affected the Frontier Movement Essay Example for Free

How Authors Affected the Frontier Movement EssayThe Frontier Movement is a period in the Statesn history that refers to the atomic number 74 motility of Americans toward the Pacific Ocean during the mid-1800s lasting until the early 1900s. This movement was characterized by an expansionist zeal for opportunity and adventure, but was also heavily characterized by far-flung social oppression and reform. It was during this time that both authors and reformists were shake up to write and share their ideas, many of which called attention to the often ignored social injustices of the time. These authors ideas not only were inspired by the movement (the beginning of American Literature), but also heavily fueled and contributed to the movement in return. Authors Mark Twain and Susan B. Anthony, for example, play an important role in the boundary movement through their writings as they used these to convey the feelings they held toward Americas crooked social favouritism and socio-eco nomic disparities. Mark Twain and Susan B. Anthony are considered to be two of Americas first American Literature authors.Mark Twain, kn testify as the Father of America Literature, became an author in the West after the end of the Civil War. Susan B. Anthony, known as one of the first womens activists, plant life focused primarily on the gender inequality customary of the time. Both of these authors works are recognized as being bold and reflecting much of the American frontier movements attitude and ailments. Their works helped fuel their readers understanding of who they were and helped inspire their audience in the spirit of the frontier movement. Mark Twains works often embodied the newly discovered American frontier spirit of individuality and adventure.His works were both entertaining and encouraged Americans to create their own destiny. This was both a popular and significant notion during the frontier movement as it embodied the ideas Americans had ab come forward expandin g westward in hunting of a new life. In addition to his inspirational and humorous works, his writings also addressed the social discrimination he witness during the era of the frontier movement. Many of his works, like Huckleberry Finn for example, showed the possibility of bringing change to a world dominated by racism and foolishness.His works both captured Americans imagination, inspired Americans frontier attitude, and called attention to social wrongs. Susan B. Anthonys works focused more on the boldness of the American. Rather than idolizing the spirit of America, she often called Americans out on the social injustices prevalent throughout America during the frontier era and promoted change. She called attention to both American racism and especially gender inequality. While Americans were beginning to identify the distinctly American characteristics they took pride in, Susan B.Anthony identified the aspects of American life that Americans came to realize they should be asha med of. Her writings and causes were bold, reflecting the rugged American Spirit, but her works also helped shape the social aspects of the American Frontier movement. The frontier movement of America marked the beginning of American identity, and thus the beginning of American Literature. It was this movement that influenced the works of becoming authors, many, who in turn, influenced the frontier movement. Mark Twain and Sarah B.Anthony both contributed to the frontier movement through their writings in that they helped Americans realize their identity. During the frontier movement, Americans began to meet themselves as an adventurous and bold great deal, and it was these authors who helped Americans gain and develop an understanding of who they were, even though their ideas were often negative. In short, by providing Americans with literature about who the American people were, the authors helped inspire Americans to express this new attitude of adventure and recognize American social values in the Frontier Movement.

Social Policy Development In The Youth Justice System Criminology Essay

Social Policy Development In The Youth Justice System Criminology EssayThe aim of this experiment is to discuss accessible constitution culture in the Youth Justice System (YJS). It places the discussion in the context of some of the sparings, political and neighborly concepts that influence friendly polity development in the YJS. The try on further discusses some of the impacts of these policies in relation to social exclusion, inequality and poverty. It will also assess the structures and organisations like the Youth Justices Board (YJB 2004), the Intensive charge and Supervision Programme (ISSP) and the Youth offending Teams (YOT) that are involved in the social welfare provision. The essay also explores the relationships amongst the different agencies involved in social welfare provision for young offenders.A number of youth justice policies stick out been developed between 1979 to date. In 1979 the Conservative Government came to power with rhetoric of organism tough on crime than its repel opponents. They introduced a tougher regime known as short sharp shock into detention centres, they promised to jail every individual who was sentenced by the judges and magistrates. As a result, the prison population rose (Says who?).In an attempt to limit the prison population, they encouraged diversion from court and shackles and also opted for shorter sentences for many run-of-mills offenders. They also introduced a less harsh measure insurance policy of bifurcation which was advocated for the less serious offenders. (Goldson 2008). Despite these measures, the prison population continued to rustle with regular out breaks of riots and disorder within prisons.After the 1987 General Elections, Douglas Hard the then Home Office secretary introduced sore YJS approaches which became to be known as the Hurd approach. They included volunterisation, privatisation, managerialism, crime prevention and the neighbourhood watch. (Cavadin Dignan 2006)They also in troduced the Criminal Justice act upon 1988 which created a unified sentence of detention in Young Offenders Institutions. The Children Act of 1989 which directed local anesthetic authorities to make arrangements for diversion from prosecution of child offenders (Muncie et al 2002).New Labour Government introduced the early interventions and restorative justice normally known as the 3Rs (restoration, reintegration and reparation), they passed the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which introduced the Detention and Training Order (Goldson, 2008). They created the Youth Justice Board (YJB) which is a multi-agency youth body that identifies and monitors candid practice (YJB 2004). They formed the Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) which locally co-ordinate the provision of youth justice services and are responsible for various supervisory duties in regard to community penalties, intervention programmes and pre-sentence reports (Muncie et al 2006). Among other policies, they introduced the Crimin al Justice Act 2003 to overcome disparity and inequality in the system (Blakemore and Griggs 2007).It would be leading light that although the Conservative Governments policies and those of New Labour appear different, they are largely similar in that they all hold the principle of punishment in them. However, to analyse their tellingness, the essay evaluates the factors that influenced these reforms and their impact on the young offenders and those at risk.POLITICALSocial policy development in the YJS is significantly influenced by politics. Kevin (2009) states that, the establishment of the Youth Offending Teams (YOT) and the new youth justice framework was imposed by the government (Kevin, 2009 298). Furthermore, Goldson (2008) states thatdue to mash on the government to take action on youth crime, the finding to implement the Intensive Surveillance and Supervision Programme (ISSP) was taken dour before the evaluations of the pilots could even be completed (Goldson, 2008, p. 136).Critics of political interference in policy development like Kevin (2009, p. 295 cited in Pitts, 2000) advises that the need for critical practice is paramount no matter how clever the government thinks it is. Goldson (2008, p.164) further supports this opinion by stating that curtilage Based Policy Practice improves decision making and should inform the development of public policy. While, Blakemore and Griggs (2007, p.197) recommend that the government plays a leading role in policy development, but remain relatively open to professionals and pressure groups. This point appears to carry more weight as it strikes a balance between the role of the government, elitists and the pressure groups. This brings up the debate of the independence of the judiciary from the state.EconomicSocial policy development in the youth justice is not only shaped by political influences, but also by economic structures in society. smith (2003) argues that the governments concern to cut state spend ing encouraged the reduction in the uptake of expensive custodial options and as a result, it opted for community sentences. He further points out that the dec nervous strain in the use of secure accommodation in local authorities from 1981 onwards was a budget-driven agenda (ibid). This further supports Alcock, (2008, p.198) statement that social policy development is closely dependent upon the economic structure of the society and upon the economic growth within it.SOCIALSocial policy development in the YJS may also be influenced by Voluntary and Community Sector (VCS). Smith (2007, p. 29-30) argued that it was the Childrens Society that reported that an inter-agency initiative in South Wales had produced successful outcomes much(prenominal) as the speeding up of the judicial process and reduction of offending eyepatch on bail, that the adoption of a comprehensive approach to managing the YJS was initiated. Smith (2007) further states that the inter-agency initiative became th e most effective way of delivering an agreed package of assessment, service perplexity and record-keeping. However, Alcock (2008, p.165) criticises that most voluntary organisations exclude some potential activists through social divisions of one kind or another.IMPACTHaving explored the social, economic and political factors that influence social policy development, an insight on how these reforms improve the welfare and wellbeing of people in relation to social exclusion, poverty and inequality is important.Evidence from YJB (2008) states thatmany of the ISSP participants had a range of underlying demand and were highly socially excluded some had not been engaged in mainstream structures for some considerable time. In many cases, families had already asked for function but had been unable to get any assistance.It also states that 89 percent of young people on ISSP reoffended at some point in the freshman year of the program (YJB, 2004). Although the ISSP is just a single YJB p rogram, the percentage of reoffending as stated in the report is significantly high and it can be argued that this policy has not effectively dealt with the issue of social welfare of young offenders.However, Blakemore and Griggs (200762) state that the YJB approaches are needs focussed and that they include strategies like psychiatry, social work and education. This may declare oneself that by having interventions like psychiatry and social work, is an indication that young offenders have underlying issues which cannot be solved by punishment or custody. This line of discussion is supported by Goldson and Muncie (2006) asserting thatyoung people for whom the fabric of life invariably stretches acrosspoverty family discord drug and alcohol convolute mental distress ill-health emotional, physical and sexual abuse self harm homelessness isolation, loneliness circumscribed educational and employment opportunities hollowed -out communities and most pressing sense of distress and alie nation are the very children targeted by the youth justice apparatus. (Goldson and Muncie, 2006, p.222)From the problems identified above, it can also be argued that policy- makers should be aiming at promoting social welfare kinda of cruel justice and by so doing, professionals like psychiatrists, social workers and teachers would be clear about what they are trying to achieve. Goldson and Muncie (2006) further call for the ethically legitimate, rights-compliant and effective approaches to youth crime and justice stating that approaches must be located within a broad corpus of social and economic policy rather than the narrower hold of youth/criminal justice policy (ibid).The YJB (2006) states that, the government has a Social Exclusion Action Plan and that poverty has been reduced . It further states that more needs to be done to tackle social exclusion, focussing on tackling the cycles of disadvantage that can lead to social exclusion being passed from one generation to the ne xt. This appears to suggest that the YJB admits that current policies are inadequate to address the issues of poverty and social exclusion. As stated eerier that the ISSP which is YJBs strategy to rehabilitate persistent young offenders was implemented in haste, long before its pilots were completed. Could this be the reasons why it produced undesirable outcomes?.In addition to the above, it appears that punishing young offenders with underlying issues has contributed to the YJBs ineffectiveness. This argument is supported by Goldson (2007) asserting that-despite much(prenominal) developments in policy, the deep-rooted tensions between welfare and justice that are intrinsic to law, policy and practice in respect of children in trouble, continue to comprise the showtime of contestation and complexity (Goldson 2008 p.207).This is amplified by Muncie (2009, p. 242 cited Hughes, and Young, 2007) arguing that the inclusionary principles, values and ideals that inform some social polici es should not be abandoned, but resurrected within agendas of social justice, rather than criminal justice.More concerns in terms of inequality and discrimination by Blakemore and Griggs (2007) point out that the criminal justice system is unfair and that African-Caribbeans are more likely to be jailed than whites or Asians. He also states that the police are not quick to respond to policing needs of ethnic minorities than they should have (ibid). Furthermore, Muncie (2009) argues that ethnic nonage youths are statistically more likely to be stopped and searched by the police, but offending rates for African Caribbean are not higher than those of whites.The examples of sexist practice and inequality may lead one to wonder how the YOTs can work effectively when the police force which has been accused of discriminatory practices.It is notable that legislations such as the Criminal Justice Act 2003 were introduced to overcome the evils of discrimination and inequality in the entire c riminal justice system. However, the examples of unequal treatment, injustice, lack of fairness and discrimination do indicate that these issues are alive, and do need to be addressed. Therefore, the policy planning process, implementation and review should focus on empowering young offenders to overcome the issues of social exclusion, poverty and inequality.CONCLUSIONThis essay has reflected on the impact of some of the political, social and economic influences on social policy development and how these resultant policies on the YJS have impacted on social exclusion, poverty and inequality. The essay appreciates the existence of the YOT as a multi- agency team in the youth justice system that includes, psychiatrists, social workers. Youth workers and education. The essay deplores the existence of the principle of punishment in the in a system which should be aiming at emancipating young offenders who have underlying issues. The essay has also discussed the existence of discriminati on and inequality which exposes young offenders to social exclusion as a result of flaws in the policies. Although this essay has appraised introduction of the New Labour policies, it concludes that the practice remains largely the same despite the change in policy.

Pakistan India And The Kargil War Politics Essay

Pakistan India And The Kargil War Politics EssayThis paper will provide a shot summary of the Kargil War and an examination of the through the lenses of the popular serenity theory and nationalism. The paper will also focus in the beginning on how the theories hold in to Pakistan since it was the true aggressor in this conflict. Both of these ideas in allow for an examination of what causal factors led to the war, how the war was conducted, and how it came to a swift end. They will also help us better or downstairsstand the conflict, and allow conclusions to be drawn from the conflict with regard to U.S. interests, conflict prevention, and conflict resolution.BackgroundPakistan has unsuccessfully challenged India controlled portions of Kashmir through wars and negotiations since its establishment in 1947. In May 1998, Pakistan conducted its first nuclear test and introduced a new and monstrous dynamic to the problem of Indias contested sovereignty in Kashmir. With Indian and P akistani soldiers guarding their respective borders and Pakistans long-term proxy war against India through arrest for Muslim militants, tensions in Kashmir have been kept at a constant boil.1Kashmir, a bena split between Pakistan, India and China, resides in an extremely mountai nones atomic number 18a that contains some of the highest peaks in the world. In this region, the Line of Control (LOC) is the recognized border between India and Pakistan. The LOC, albeit under a diametrical send for, was established after the First Kargil War (1947-1948) and was again agreed upon by Pakistan and India as part of the Simla Agreement in 1972. This agreement gave the LOC its name and also stated that neither the Indians nor the Pakistanis would contest the border through military means.2Since the agreement, the border has been heavily guarded on two sides for a majority of the year. During the passing cold winter months, when roads and translate routes become impassable and risk of an offensive attack from either side was minimal, both the Pakistani and Indian guards remiss their posts and returned in the spring.However, during the winter of 1998-1999, Pakistans army, along with the help of mercenaries and mujahedeen, crossed the LOC and pushed into Indias portion of Kashmir.3Slowly, through the cold winter, they took over the Indian outposts and dug into their positions in Kargil and along a deuce hundred kilometer portion of the LOC and waited for Indian forces to return.4In February 1999, at the homogeneous time as the winter invasion, Pakistan and India were signing the Lahore Declaration which outlined peace, nuclear stability, trade, and unobstructed travel between the two countries.5War erupted just a few months afterward and after numerous bloody battles, the Pakistanis and their mujahedeen assistance were pushed back crosswise the line of control. By July 14, 1999, the war was over but both sides had suffered significant casualties.Democratic Peace Our goal is to turn this time of American influence into generations of elective peace. This requires America to remain engaged with the world and to project our strength with purpose and with humility.President George W. Bush, Speech to the State Department, Washington, DC February 15, 2001The democratic peace proposition contends that because they are democratic, democratic states will not fight (or initiate) international wars against each other.6The idea was a premise in Immanuel Kants 1795 literary work, Perpetual Peace, and further developed by Georg William Friedrich Hegel and others. For the most part, supporters of democratic peace cite that in democracies, the wad rule through their elected officials and in an autocracy, most of the federal agency resides with one person. In turn, democracies are more give carely to support peace because those that would be doing the fighting typically choose not to fight. Given the choice, citizens are more likely to have a desire to avoid the tremendous loss of life, resources and accumulation of debt. butmore, elected officials are unwilling to wage war because a loss would significantly impact chances at reelection.7On the other hand, autocracies may suffer from these losses and debt, but according the Samuel Kant, war does not affect the rulers table, his hunt, his places of pleasure, his court festivals, and so on.8This idea has its doubters that base their cases on specific historical employments and the lack of statistical significance when historical conflicts are analyzed quantitatively. Doubters also argue that supporters adjust definitions in order to adapt and burgeon forth when either a historical or new case risks not fitting into the peace proposition. For instance, what is a democracy? What is a war or a conflict? And so on. Many researchers agree with the idea that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other, but are as equally war prone as autocratic states. While this basic p remise is the subject of some debate, the real benefits of this theory are encapsulated in how democracies behave, statistically, when they do set down into conflict.The Kargil War is an excellent case to examine through the lens of the democratic peace proposition because this war provides historians and political scientists a chance to look at the rare case of warring democracies and see if the characteristic theoretical premises hold true. One characteristic demonstrated by examining disputes between 1816 and 1976 was when democracies are gnarled in conflict, there is less chance of all out war than when two non-democracies are in conflict.9Another interesting and related finding from the same set of data was foreign cooperation revealed a positive associated to coyness.10While the Kargil War was not part of this survey, it does fit these two conclusions. During the war, there was fear from neighboring countries and all over the world that it would escalate into all out war an d theater nuclear war. Obviously, it did not. While a number of reasons prevented the escalation, two significant ones were the combination of constraint on the part of the Indians and foreign relations. During the fighting, then President Bill Clinton asked the Indian PM to keep exercising the restraint the Indian politics had shown this far.11The Indian PM replied that India had no intention of escalating the war and assured President Clinton that the air strikes were taking place within the Indian territory.12Pakistan, on the other hand, who had hoped to internationalize the Kashmir pop in its favor by sending emissaries or pleading for support from China, Japan, Russia, unite Kingdom, and the United States, but found it had very few international supporters.13Quite the contrary, many countries voiced support for India instead of remaining neutral. China, a long time friend of Pakistan, expressed its hopes that the two countries would peacefully resolve their issues.14Russia a lso sided with India and denounced the actions of Pakistan.15Foreign cooperation, ultimately, led to Pakistans withdrawal from Indian territory after discussions with President Clinton on July 4, 1999.16A finding by Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman summarizes the two ideas mentioned above and the outcome of the Kargil War very well they found that negotiations, or preservation of the placement quo are more likely if either the initiator or the target is democratic it is not necessary that they both be democratic.17This status quo is exactly the outcome of the Kargil War. Even today, the Indian and Pakistani military are at their posts guarding the LOC, the exact same positions as before the Kargil War.NationalismNationalism is power hunger tempered by self-deception.George Orwell, The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George OrwellNationalism is a difficult term to grasp and an even harder term to define. When people discuss nationalism, they may be referring to flying the f lag of their country or patriotism. Many definitions focus nationalism on politics, culture, religion or geography. Other definitions use it as a modern idea or reserve it for use with advanced societies and not the trey world, or vice versa. More accepted views contend that Nationalism is primarily a political principle, which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent.18Furthermore, nationalism is created by a strong sense of shared national identity and is sine qua non for a viable modern state, that it alone can provide the solid basis of trust between the citizens to motivate each other to sacrifice herself/himself for others.19Further examination shows there are a great deal of connections and interdependencies between nationalisms, nations, and states. They are all connected by cultural and political aspects which are drug-addicted on their own building blocks of language, history, and hundreds of other social factors.20Finally, nationalism is the combi nation of all of these things in the pursuit of legitimacy.21As any country has learned through great success, tragedy, or war, nationalism is a living and breathing entity that can be harnessed, strengthened, abused, or broken. This can happen in a number of different ways. With respect to the countrymen in Pakistan, the nationalism has been almost continually abused since the country was established in 1947. Examples of this abuse include the division of British India where Muslims flocked to East or West Pakistan and tremendous loss of life resulted in clashes between Hindus and Muslims, the loss of Eastern Pakistan (now Bangladesh), and numerous wars lost to India. But the Pakistanis are a proud people and have had their share of successes, most notably the successful test of a nuclear weapon in 1998. This Muslim bomb was a source of assumption and nationalism for all Muslims and certainly the Pakistanis.The successful tests of Pakistans nuclear weapons in 1998 and the associat ed boost in nationalistic pride essentially paved the way for the invasion of Kashmir. Kashmir, firearm on Indias side of the LOC had a predominantly Muslim population. This arrangement has been deemed unacceptable by Pakistan and Muslims in Kashmir ever since the division of British India. Pakistan had fought wars over the contested the three estates (e.g., 1947 and 1967) and had lost to superior Indian military strength. Nationalism played a large role in these offense actions. Indias rule over Kashmir was in train violation of an important nationalist sentiment if the rulers of the political unit belong to a nation other than that of the majority of the ruled, this, for nationalists, constitutes a quite outstandingly insufferable breach of political propriety.22Pakistans attempt to gain control of Kashmir was thwarted by a number of factors. As with the previous two attempts, it was thwarted by a superior Indian military even though it took the Indians by complete surprise. A dditionally, its attempt to gain outside support for its nationalistic struggle was unsuccessful. As create verbally above, many countries failed to see that Pakistan was trying to gain control of land occupied by Kashmiri Muslims and instead saw Pakistan (again) attacking their sovereign neighbor.As the United States stepped in, an outside force was introduced that served to influence the political nationalism of Pakistan. In our globalized world, this attack on India risked international trade and foreign direct investment along with government to government support.23Pakistans leadership knew they were losing the war and as international sentiment shifted to Indias favor, the Pakistani government may have realized that these global implications will have a trickledown effect to other aspects of nationalism, most notably through economic losses to an already impoverished country.24The loss of the war in addition to the projected picture show of untrustworthyness to the world wou ld have further deepened the wounds to Pakistans nationalism.25Alas, Pakistan chose to only impact its nationalism through the loss of the war instead of compounding the losses with other factors.U.S. interests, Conflict cake and Conflict ResolutionThese theories as applied to the Kargil War demonstrate a number of different findings with respect to U.S. interests, conflict prevention and conflict resolution. An examination of the democratic peace theory shows that when a democracy is involved in war, the wars are typically shorter and are more likely to end through mediation. Kargil is an excellent example where diplomacy played two critical roles. First, it helped end the aggressive attacks by Pakistan and second, it helped ensure India would not conduct a counterattack into Pakistan. This process worked because many aspects of the Kashmir issue are political problems and must be resolved politically. Unfortunately, Kashmir has a long history with many different versions dependin g on which side of the border you are on.26This leads to dangerous propaganda that influences and drives nationalism. This nationalistic spirit has led Pakistan to cling to the Kashmir issue. Kashmir is central to Pakistans Islamic national unity and almost all Islamabad regimes, both democratic and authoritarian since Pakistans substructure in 1947, have used the Kashmir issue to consolidate their position.27While this may be true, Kashmir has not been represented at Indo-Pak negotiations because the Indians have resisted such trilateral meetings. It would come on that popular voice of Kashmir has been silenced by both India (who does not want to hear what they have to say) and Pakistan (who wants to decide for them). In any case, both the democratic peace theory and nationalism ideas show that all parties must be present for a formal conclusion to a conflict and a true means of the enemy must be made to the people.When considering what conclusions can be drawn from the Kargil W ar, there are commonalities that exist between U.S. interests and future conflict prevention. It is well attested that Pakistan has maintained constant support of insurgents who regularly attack Indian positions and played a large role in the Kargil War.28Of course these insurgents are now cognize as terrorists and are fast becoming a source of regional instability and global terrorism.29The result of the financial support are anti-terror laws in both Pakistan and India which are far more draconian than the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act in the United States.30These laws thereby impact the nationalism and freedoms of the people in both countries. Prior to future diplomatic talks between the two countries, a third party (hopefully representing of every country in the world) must convince Pakistan to stop supporting terrorists and put an end to the proxy-war in India. Strong actions again st terrorists could be used as requisites for aid which could serve the country Pakistan a great deal. Aid could support the education and human resource development and provide financial resources for health care, the supply of clean water, and the development of social and physical infrastructure.31These steps, over the long term, could help to stabilize Pakistan and the region and perhaps one day remove the stigma that has plagued Pakistan for years. ratiocinationTheories of conflict can help one examine a conflict through different lenses and develop an understanding of causal factors associated with why conflicts start, escalate, deescalate and respond to stimuli like foreign intervention and support. The Kargil War, as seen through the lenses of democratic peace and nationalism, is a very complex war with a tremendous amount of history drive actions by both countries. Pakistans actions during the Kargil War were truly a cause for fury and it is no surprise that India has resi sted any further negotiation with Pakistan regarding the Kashmir issue. To be stabbed is one thing, to be stabbed in the back is another.32It would seem that democratic peace, in this case, means the constant boil or status quo will continue for years to come.33Bibliography FIX editions and RANDAhmad, Khurshid. Pakistan spate and Reality, Past and Future. The Muslim World 96, no. 2 (April 2006). http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu (accessed January 16, 2010).Bahl, Y. Kargil Blunder Pakistans Plight, Indias Victory. freshly Delhi, India Manas Publications, 2000.Chenoy, Kamal. Contending Nationalisms. Harvard International Review 28, no. 3 (Fall 2006). http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu (accessed January 16, 2010).Das, Runa. Explaining Indias Nuclearization Engaging Realism and Social Constructivism. Asian Perspective 32, no. 1 (2008). http//www.asianperspective.org/articles/v32n1-b.pdf (accessed January 16, 2010).Dixit, J. N. India Pakistan in War and Peace. New York Routledge, 2002. http//books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUCdq=India+%E2%80%93+Pakistan+in+War+and+Peacesource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed December 6, 2009).Fisher, Glen. Mindsets, 2nd ed. Boston, MA Intercultural Press, 1998.Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism, 2nd ed. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing, 2006. http//books.google.com/books?id=jl7t2yMfxwICsource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 20, 2010).India. Simla Agreement. July 7, 1972. Embassy of India Website, Embassy of India, Washington, DC. http//www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/shimla.htm (accessed December 9, 2009).Indurthy, Rathnam. India and the Clinton-Bush Administrations Why Friction to Friendship in the Aftermath of Indias Nuclear Testing is Not Likely to Lead to Strategic Partnership. World personal business165,no.1(Summer 2002). http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/(accessed December 10, 2009).Lyon, Peter. Conflict Between India and Pakistan An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, C A ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2008.Misra, Amalendu. The Centrality of Kashmir in India Pakistan Security Dynamics. International Politics 38, no. 8 (March 2001). http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu (accessed December 6, 2009).Nanda, Ravi. Kargil A Wake-Up Call. New Delhi, India Lancers Books, 1999.Pakistan and India. The Lahore Declaration. February 21, 1999. United States Institute for Peace, Peace Agreements Digital Collection. http//www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/ip_lahore19990221.pdf (accessed December 7, 2009).Puri, Jyoti. Encountering Nationalism. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing, 2004. http//books.google.com/books?id=lrfxy98haU4Csource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 15, 2010).Raghavan, V. R. Limited War and Nuclear Escalation in South Asia. The Nonproliferation Review 8, no. 3 (Fall-Winter 2001). http//cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/83ragh.pdf (accessed December 5, 2009).Ray, James. Democracy and International Conflict. Columbia, SC University of So uth Carolina Press, 1995.Sharma, Rajeev. Pak Proxy War A Story of ISI, bin Laden and Kargil. New Delhi, India Kaveri Books, 2002.Spencer, Philip and Howard Wollman. Nations and Nationalism A Reader. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press, 2005. http//books.google.com/books?id=SOnTDm0ocvMCsource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 15, 2010).Ashley J. Tellis, Christine Fair and Jamison Jo Medby, Limited Conflicts Under the Nuclear Umbrella (Arlington, VA Rand Corporation, 2001). NO NEED?

Fickle Feminism Essay -- Essays Papers

Fickle FeminismWhy did the woman cross the road? you tell me. In Judith Timsons term, Whats a Girl to do? she argues what stereotypes women areaccepting and doing away with. Written in 2001, Timson is speaking tofemales in general, focusing on girls interpretation of the mediasmessages, understanding of the choices females have, and womens acceptanceof their impression despite the medias stereotypical throw. By raising questions and room for interpretation about these issues, Timson arguesthat decree is counteracting with the positive and strong images that women have fought so hard for.The goal of this article is to try and understand the role of femalesin our media-crazed society today. The author is trying to convey theserious problem dealing with the image of women by using sarcasm and humor.Timson describes her encounter with a stereotypical joke her adolescentdaughter picks up from school. She uses this to grab the attention of thereader because not only does it make the re ader (hopefully) indignant due tothe outdated joke, it considers what has happened to the years of strugglethat women have faced to secure equal rights and a positive and strongimage in society.To appeal to an reference consisting mainly of women who play manyroles, Timson shares her own personal experiences as a working mother andwife. She also uses societal friendly examples such as discussing issueswith Playboy, actresses such as Jennifer Lopez, and influences such asCosmopolitan Magazine. These issues keep the reader tied to the articlewhile raising the important concern of what kind of messages these are forthe quickly maturing girls of our time. As our youth are becoming moremature at an ea... ...g that theseare the images that all women have chosen they are instead saying thatthis is the image the media has chosen for them.So why, after so many years of bra-burning and protesting, have womenlagged behind on their upkeep of a positive image in society? JudithTimsons artic le is a prime argument for the medias influence on the imageof women. Her argument that women are stuck in a stereotypical limbo ofwho and what to be in our world today is credible and intelligent, whilefunny and intriguing. Timsons experience as a growing woman in the 21stcentury is reflected in her questions and opinions on the mixed-messageswomen are facing.Works CitedTimson, Judith. Whats a Girl to do?. Macleanss. 114 (2001) 44-50. Academic Search Premier, University of Dayton, Roesch Library.http//search.epnet.com/direct.asp?an=5065583&ab=aph..

Johann Sebastian Bach Essay examples -- music, history, polyphnic tech

Throughout history, there have been umpteen significant composers who have leftover their mark on the musical world. From Mozart, to Beethoven, to Chopin, to Brahms, each famous composer has had an influence on the music we hear today. However, perhaps one of the most influential of all composers is Johann Sebastian bachelor. Bachs effect on music history can never be over-exaggerated. Bach played a crucial role in influencing many later composers, such as Mozart and Beethoven, as well as many modern musicians, redefined polyphonic music and musical form, and created beautiful works of canonic music that still resonate with listeners today, over 250 years after his death. Born in March of 1685, Johann Sebastian Bach was born into a family of musicians. His father, Johann Ambrosius, was the court trumpeter for the Duke of Eisenach and director of the musicians in the town of Eisenach in Thuringia. For many years, members of the Bach family throughout Thuringia had held posi tions such as organists, town instrumentalists, or Cantors, and the family name enjoyed a wide reputation for musical talent. (www.baroquemusic.bach/html). This would, of course, influence Bach in many ways. At a young age, Bach was taught to play the violin and harpsichord by his father, and was later initiated into the art of performing the organ by his uncle. It was no surprise that young Bach was a willing student and became exceptionally proficient in these instruments. After the death of his parents at age 9, Bach went to live with his brother Johann Christoph, in Ohrdruf, where he spent much of his childhood. While living with Christoph, Bach was given the opportunity to observe the co... ...anied tie Works. MTO 17.1 Davis, Stream Segregation and Perceived Syncopation. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. .14. Johann Sebastian Bach. Johann Sebastian Bach. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. .15. So whats so good about Bach then?. the Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. .16. John Eli ot Gardiner Bachs synthesis between his music and the word of God. the Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. .17. Revealed the violent, thuggish world of the young JS Bach. the Guardian. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2015. .